{{Rsnum
|rsid=6277
|Gene=DRD2
|Chromosome=11
|position=113412737
|Orientation=plus
|ReferenceAllele=C
|GMAF=0.2732
|Assembly=GRCh38
|GenomeBuild=38.1
|dbSNPBuild=141
|geno1=(C;C)
|geno2=(C;T)
|geno3=(T;T)
|Gene_s=DRD2
}}{{ population diversity
| geno1=(C;C)
| geno2=(C;T)
| geno3=(T;T)
| CEU | 17.5 | 58.7 | 23.8
| HCB | 88.9 | 11.1 | 0.0
| JPT | 90.2 | 9.8 | 0.0
| YRI | 93.5 | 6.5 | 0.0
| ASW | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0
| CHB | 88.9 | 11.1 | 0.0
| CHD | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0
| GIH | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0
| LWK | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0
| MEX | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0
| MKK | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0
| TSI | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0
| HapMapRevision=28
}}[[rs6277]] (957C>T, Pro319Pro) is one of several SNPs in the [[dopamine]] receptor [[DRD2]] gene.

In a study of 300+ Russian patients with [[schizophrenia]], the [[rs6277]](C) allele was associated with higher risk. From a pooled meta-study (total of 4 other reports plus this one) the allelic odds ratio is 1.42 (CI: 1.26-1.61, p<0.00005), and the genotypic odds ratio for the (C;C) genotype was 1.6 (CI: 1.32-1.95, p<0.00005).{{PMID|18255274}}

Note that [[rs6275]] and [[rs6277]] are only 18bp apart, hence their very tight linkage (r<sup>2</sup>=1).

[[gs278]] reflects a gene-gene interaction between this SNP and a NR3A SNP, [[rs10989591]], in which older adults with a particular combination of genotypes at these two (independent) loci are reported to exhibit better episodic memory.

{{PMID|18833581}} C allele associated significantly (p = 0.021) with [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] in a sample of (assumedly Australian) 127 war veterans w/ 228 controls

[http://blog.23andme.com/2009/07/31/dna-variation-may-help-us-break-free-from-our-routines/ 23andMe blog] people with two As at rs6277(T;T) were better at NoGo learning.

[[http://www.pharmgkb.org/views/reports/loadVariantReport.action?variantPositionId=531850913 pharmgkb]] T allele associated with decrease in mRNA levels

{{ neighbor
| rsid = 6275
| distance = 18
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=19373123
|Title=Genetic variants altering dopamine D2 receptor expression or function modulate the risk of opiate addiction and the dosage requirements of methadone substitution
}}

{{PharmGKB
|RSID=rs6277
|Name_s=C957T
|Gene_s=DRD2
|Feature=
|Evidence=PubMed ID:20714340
|Annotation=Risk or phenotype-associated allele: CC. Phenotype: The CC genotype was associated with weight gain of at least 7% in schizophrenia patients treatment with clozapine or olanzapine. Study size: 206. Study population/ethnicity: European american; African American; German; Schizophrenia. Significance metric(s): OR = 3.37 (CI = 1.00-11.36). Type of association: PD.
|Drugs=clozapine; olanzapine
|Drug Classes=ANTIPSYCHOTICS
|Diseases=Weight gain
|Curation Level=Curated
|PharmGKB Accession ID=PA165374657
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=20046399
|Title=Genetic polymorphisms in dopamine- and serotonin-related genes and treatment responses to risperidone and perospirone
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=19512960
|Title=Genetic diagnostics of functional variants of the human dopamine D2 receptor gene
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=20421849
|Title=Habituation in prepulse inhibition is affected by a polymorphism on the NMDA receptor 2B subunit gene (GRIN2B)
}}

{{PharmGKB
|RSID=rs6277
|Name_s=DRD2:957C>T; DRD2:1122C>T; DRD2:1035C>T
|Gene_s=DRD2
|Feature=
|Evidence=Web Resource:http://www.pharmgkb.org/search/annotatedGene/drd2/variant.jsp
|Annotation=T allele led to a decrease in mRNA levels, C/C genotype was reported to be associated with schizophrenia.
|Drugs=
|Drug Classes=
|Diseases=Schizophrenia
|Curation Level=In-Depth
|PharmGKB Accession ID=PA161145172
}}

{{PharmGKB
|RSID=rs6277
|Name_s=DRD2: C957T
|Gene_s=DRD2
|Feature=
|Evidence=PubMed ID:18687376
|Annotation=Phenotype: The 957CC carriers were more frequently non-responders to methadone treatment (OR=2.4; p=0.02). The 957CC carriers were 25% (95% CI = 15-36%) in the non-responder group (n = 73) whereas they were only 12% (95% CI = 8-18%) in the responder group (n = 165; &#967;2 = 5.9; p = 0.015). No significant difference was observed for the TaqI A genotype frequency in responder and non-responder groups (p = 0.9). Study size: 238 patients. Study population: Caucasian.
|Drugs=methadone
|Drug Classes=
|Diseases=Substance-Related Disorders
|Curation Level=Curated
|PharmGKB Accession ID=PA165291683
}}

{{PharmGKB
|RSID=rs6277
|Name_s=DRD2: C957T
|Gene_s=DRD2
|Feature=
|Evidence=PubMed ID:15567074
|Annotation=The T allele led to a decrease in mRNA levels and stability whereas the C allele was not found to be associated with any mRNA changes, which led to a relative increase in the expression of DRD2 in carriers of the C allele.
|Drugs=
|Drug Classes=
|Diseases=
|Curation Level=Curated
|PharmGKB Accession ID=PA165291681
}}

{{PharmGKB
|RSID=rs6277
|Name_s=DRD2: C957T
|Gene_s=DRD2
|Feature=
|Evidence=PubMed ID:19582781
|Annotation=Results of an in vivo study with [11C]raclopride indicated that this variant increased binding potential by decreasing DRD2 KD (C/C>C/T>T/T), while Bmax was not significantly altered.
|Drugs=
|Drug Classes=
|Diseases=
|Curation Level=Curated
|PharmGKB Accession ID=PA165291682
}}

{{PharmGKB
|RSID=rs6277
|Name_s=DRD2: C957T
|Gene_s=DRD2
|Feature=
|Evidence=PubMed ID:16973280
|Annotation=Risk or phenotype-associated allele: C. Phenotype: A greater proportion of patients with schizophrenia than healthy controls were C-allele carriers. Study size: 188 schizophrenia patients and 384 healthy controls. Study population: Finnish. Metric(s): OR =1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-2.3, p=0.05.
|Drugs=
|Drug Classes=
|Diseases=Schizophrenia
|Curation Level=Curated
|PharmGKB Accession ID=PA165291689
}}

{{PharmGKB
|RSID=rs6277
|Name_s=DRD2: C957T
|Gene_s=DRD2
|Feature=
|Evidence=PubMed ID:19603545
|Annotation=Phenotype: In this case-control study the polymorphisms -141C Ins/Del (rs1799732); C957T (rs6277); A1385G (rs6276); and TaqIA (rs1800497) were genotyped. The haplotypes I-C-G-A2 and I-C-A-A1 occurred with a higher frequency in alcoholics [P=0.026, odds ratio (OR): 1.340; P=0.010, OR: 1.521, respectively]. Study size: 360 alcoholics and 368 controls. Study population:Caucasian individuals of German origin.
|Drugs=ethanol
|Drug Classes=
|Diseases=Alcoholism
|Curation Level=Curated
|PharmGKB Accession ID=PA165291685
}}

{{PharmGKB
|RSID=rs6277
|Name_s=C957T
|Gene_s=DRD2
|Feature=
|Evidence=PubMed ID:18926547
|Annotation=Phenotype: Patients with C/C genotype were associated with poor aripiprazole response for excitement symptoms (measured on the positive and negative syndrome scale, PANSS - excitement subscale) when compared with T/T patients. Study size: 128 schizophrenic patients. Study population: Chinese.
|Drugs=aripiprazole
|Drug Classes=
|Diseases=Schizophrenia
|Curation Level=Curated
|PharmGKB Accession ID=PA165291676
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=21861710
|Title=A Novel DRD2 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Associated with Schizophrenia Predicts Age of Onset: HapMap Tag-Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=22745721
|Title=Cannabis-Dependence Risk Relates to Synergism between Neuroticism and Proenkephalin SNPs Associated with Amygdala Gene Expression: Case-Control Study
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=16848906
|Title=Genetic polymorphisms in monoamine neurotransmitter systems show only weak association with acute post-surgical pain in humans.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=16867246
|Title=Association of DRD2 polymorphisms and chlorpromazine-induced extrapyramidal syndrome in Chinese schizophrenic patients.
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=17135598
|Title=No evidence for a major role of polymorphisms during bupropion treatment.
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=18077373
|Title=Polymorphisms in human dopamine D2 receptor gene affect gene expression, splicing, and neuronal activity during working memory.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=18332877
|Title=Family-based association testing strongly implicates DRD2 as a risk gene for schizophrenia in Han Chinese from Taiwan.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=18563706
|Title=The impact of genetic variation in DRD2 and SLC6A3 on smoking cessation in a cohort of participants 1 year after enrollment in a lung cancer screening study.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=18690117
|Title=Gene and gene by sex associations with initial sensitivity to nicotine in nonsmokers.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=18698231
|Title=Polymorphisms affecting gene transcription and mRNA processing in pharmacogenetic candidate genes: detection through allelic expression imbalance in human target tissues.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=18929622
|Title=Dopamine 2 receptor C957T and catechol-o-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphisms are associated with treatment response in electroconvulsive therapy.
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=19065655
|Title=Dopamine D2 receptor polymorphisms and adenoma recurrence in the Polyp Prevention Trial.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=19158809
|Title=Case-control association study of 59 candidate genes reveals the DRD2 SNP rs6277 (C957T) as the only susceptibility factor for schizophrenia in the Bulgarian population.
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=19197363
|Title=A genome-wide investigation of SNPs and CNVs in schizophrenia.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=19258022
|Title=Now or Later? An fMRI study of the effects of endogenous opioid blockade on a decision-making network.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=19285111
|Title=C957T polymorphism of the human dopamine D2 receptor gene predicts extrastriatal dopamine receptor availability in vivo.
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=19393722
|Title=Genetic contributions to avoidance-based decisions: striatal D2 receptor polymorphisms.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=19470168
|Title=NPAS2 and PER2 are linked to risk factors of the metabolic syndrome.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=19590515
|Title=Association between dopaminergic genes (SLC6A3 and DRD2) and stuttering among Han Chinese.
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=19693267
|Title=Financial and psychological risk attitudes associated with two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the nicotine receptor (CHRNA4) gene.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=19911060
|Title=Persistence criteria for susceptibility genes for schizophrenia: a discussion from an evolutionary viewpoint.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=19913597
|Title=An association study of DRD2 gene polymorphisms with schizophrenia in a Chinese Han population.
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=20179754
|Title=Genetically determined measures of striatal D2 signaling predict prefrontal activity during working memory performance.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=20180986
|Title=CLOCK is suggested to associate with comorbid alcohol use and depressive disorders.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=20191112
|Title=The Genetics of Anorexia Nervosa: Current Findings and Future Perspectives.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=20205808
|Title=Association between dopaminergic polymorphisms and borderline personality traits among at-risk young adults and psychiatric inpatients.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=20567893
|Title=Association between polymorphisms of the dopamine receptor D2 and catechol-o-methyl transferase genes and cognitive function.
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=20615259
|Title=A polymorphism in the dysbindin gene (DTNBP1) associated with multiple psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=21130611
|Title=Evidence for the modality independence of the genetic epistasis between the dopaminergic and cholinergic system on working memory capacity.
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=21172166
|Title=Pharmacogenetics of antidepressant response.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=21508242
|Title=Dopaminergic genes predict individual differences in susceptibility to confirmation bias.
|OA=1
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=22382052
|Title=A DRD2 and ANKK1 haplotype is associated with nicotine dependence.
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=22487365
|Title=C957T polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor gene is associated with motor learning and heart rate.
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=22574669
|Title=Dopamine receptors D1 and D2 are related to observed maternal behavior.
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=22582185
|Title=DRD2 C957T and TaqIA Genotyping Reveals Gender Effects and Unique Low-Risk and High-Risk Genotypes in Alcohol Dependence.
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=22937132
|Title=The Protein Kinase KIS Impacts Gene Expression during Development and Fear Conditioning in Adult Mice
|OA=1
}}

{{GET Evidence
|impact=pharmacogenetic
|qualified_impact=Insufficiently evaluated pharmacogenetic
|inheritance=unknown
|quality_scores=Array
|dbsnp_id=rs6277
|overall_frequency_n=4361
|overall_frequency_d=10758
|overall_frequency=0.405373
|n_genomes=26
|n_genomes_annotated=0
|n_haplomes=33
|n_articles=6
|n_articles_annotated=1
|in_pharmgkb=Y
|autoscore=1
|webscore=N
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=24018103
|Title=Association study of the vesicular monoamine transporter gene SLC18A2 with tardive dyskinesia
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=24407958
|Title=Risky alcohol consumption in young people is associated with the fatty acid amide hydrolase gene polymorphism C385A and affective rating of drug pictures
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=22579533
|Title=Binge eating disorder and the dopamine D2 receptor: genotypes and sub-phenotypes.
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=22939506
|Title=Aging magnifies the effects of dopamine transporter and D2 receptor genes on backward serial memory.
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=22947540
|Title=The dopamine D2 receptor gene DRD2 and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene CHRNA4 interact on striatal gray matter volume: evidence from a genetic imaging study.
}}

{{PMID Auto
|PMID=23376770
|Title=The genetic impact (C957T-DRD2) on inhibitory control is magnified by aging.
}}

{{on chip | 23andMe v1}}
{{on chip | 23andMe v2}}
{{on chip | 23andMe v3}}
{{on chip | 23andMe v4}}
{{on chip | HumanOmni1Quad}}